Effectiveness of learning in a group setting

Concerted acquisition is about larning in groups but there is more to effectual acquisition than working in groups ( Johnson and Johnson, 1994 ) . There are other factors that contribute to effectual acquisition in concerted activities. These are as follows: 1. Group members depend on each other for endurance of the squad or to make the set mark. That is members are reciprocally responsible for sharing a common set of rule. The success and failure of the group depends on the each member of the group. 2. Face-to-face interaction- Promoting success of group members by praising, promoting, back uping, or helping each other. 3. Individual accountability- Each group member is held accountable for his or her work. Individual answerability helps to avoid members from â€Å" thumbing † on other group members ‘ achievements. 4. Social skills- Cooperative acquisition groups set the phase for pupils to larn societal accomplishments. These accomplishments help to construct stronger cooperation among group members. Leadership, decision-making, trust-building, and communicating are different accomplishments that are developed in concerted acquisition. 5. Group processing- Group processing is an appraisal of how groups are working to accomplish their ends or undertakings. By reexamining group behaviour the pupils and the instructor acquire a opportunity to discourse particular demands or jobs within the group. Groups acquire a opportunity to show their feelings about good and unhelpful facets of the group larning procedure in order to rectify unwanted behavior and observe successful results in the group work. Concerted acquisition is about pupils developing their cognition and interacting with others. Researchs on larning suggest that an effectual manner of acquisition is when pupils look for information themselves and construct on such information. Knowledge can be tested and developed to a big extent by so making ( Ray, 2008 ) . Other academicians are besides of the impression that effectual acquisition can be achieved chiefly by interaction with people. During group larning pupils interact and learn from each other to accomplish their set end and construct a positive relationship. This manner of larning brings about increased academic success by pupils and besides improves their human dealingss. Harmonizing to Foyle and Lyman ( 1988 ) , for a concerted acquisition as a instruction scheme to be successful, the instructor should come out with the best technique to be used and the subject to be taught while seting pupils into groups with ideal size in a well organised schoolroom where there will be free interaction by pupils and besides assesses the methods to guarantee smooth running by the squad. Again the instructor explains the purpose and outlook of the acquisition and makes it clip edge. Group advancement is besides monitored by the instructor and offer aid suitably to hard undertakings if required. Besides group work is assessed with accent on single pupil ‘s learning constructs or public presentation and Markss awarded for their accomplishments or success. Teachers every bit good as scholars do bask a batch of benefits from concerted larning. Many of these benefits arise from the intrinsic motivational strengths of Cooperative Learning and the extent to which Cooperative Learning Fosters pupil involvement, behavioral and attitudinal alteration, and chances for success. As Keller ( 1983 ) demonstrates â€Å" this set of results consequences from the successful incorporation of motivational issues into direction. † Johnson & A ; Johnson ( 1989 ) in their survey found out that â€Å" a primary benefit of Cooperative Learning is that it enhances pupils ‘ ego regard which in bend motivates pupils to take part in the acquisition procedure. † Slavin ( 1987 ) is of the sentiment that â€Å" concerted attempts among pupils result in a higher grade of achievement by all participants. † Again harmonizing to Kagan ( 1986 ) , â€Å" Students help each other and in making so construct a supportive community which raises the public presentation degree of each member. † This brings approximately motive every bit good as increased ego regard in all pupils as noted by Webb ( 1982 ) . Johnson and Johnson ( 1990 ) once more noted that â€Å" cooperation enhances pupil satisfaction with the larning experience by actively affecting pupils in planing and finishing category processs and class content. † Besides Turnure and Zigler ( 1958 ) assert that â€Å" effectual squads or groups assume ownership of a procedure and its consequences when persons are encouraged to work together toward a common end, frequently defined by the group which is particularly helpful for persons who have a history or failure. † Harmonizing to Kessler et Al. ( 1985 ) , â€Å" concerted acquisition reduces schoolroom anxiousness created by new and unfamiliar state of affairss faced by pupils. † In a traditional schoolroom when a instructor calls upon a pupil, he/she becomes the focal point of attending of the full category. Any errors or wrong replies become capable to scrutiny by the whole category. Slavin and Karweit ( 1981 ) are of a contrasting position that â€Å" when pupils work in a group, the focal point of attending is diffused among the group. In add-on, the group produces a merchandise which its members can reexamine prior to showing it to the whole category, therefore decreasing chances that errors will happen at all. When a error is made, it becomes a learning tool alternatively of a public unfavorable judgment of an single pupil † . Featherstone ( 1986 ) noted that â€Å" Students show more assurance and show high degree of enthusiasm, wonder and engagement in being taught through concerted acquisition undertakings. Besides pupils are empowered to hold the sense of being successful at each phase of their instruction. † What makes it even more singular is that in concerted acquisition squads, low accomplishing pupils who have low degrees of public presentation and accomplishments have the chance to do parts to a group and therefore experience success. Nor is it all for pupils enjoy other benefits such as increasing their cognition and apprehension of thoughts by sharing and explicating them to others. Students working with spouses ask each other for aid and better their attitude towards work. Methodology The survey focuses on concerted acquisition as a instruction schemes used by instructors and its consequence on students ‘ acquisition. It will follow a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. The primary research of the survey will be in the signifier of questionnaires and interviews. Qualitative research will be used because it allows the topic being studied to give much ‘richer ‘ replies to inquiries put to them by the research worker, and may give valuable penetrations which might hold been missed by any other method. It besides provides valuable information to certain research inquiries in its ain right. It besides helps to analyze things in their natural scene, trying to do sense of, or construe the significances people bring to them. Van Maneen ( 1983 ) defines qualitative method as an array of interpretative techniques method which seek to depict, decode, translate and otherwise come to footings with the significance, non the frequence, of certain more or less of course happening phenomena in the societal universe. The chief ground for sing qualitative interviews is to be able to understand and clear up all uncertainty and guarantee that the responses from staff are decently understood. Face-to-face interviews besides allow more ‘depth ‘ probe although it could besides take a long period of clip to set up and carry on ( www.marketresearcher.com ) . Burgess ( 1982 ) describes face-to-face interviews as the agencies and chance for the research worker to examine profoundly to bring out new hints, open up new dimensions of a job and to procure vivid, accurate inclusive histories that are based on personal experience. The strength of a quantitative method is that it produces quantifiable dependable informations that are normally generalised to some larger population. It focuses on Numberss and frequences instead than on significance and experience. It besides provides information which is easy to analyze statistically. Questionnaire study was chosen as the best quantitative tool for this survey. Sampling Procedure A sample is defined as a subset or some portion of a larger population ( Westen, 1996 ) . A population in this context can be classified as a group of people who portion or hold a common set of features and who can handily be used for the intent of this work. A sample size of 30 will be selected for this survey. This will consist 15 instructors, 5 caputs of section and 10 pupils. The principle for this sampling method is to bring forth the needed information for analysis and avoid the complexness of informations, biased and subjective sample choice. The inclusion of the caputs of sections and pupils in the survey is to supplement, balance and bring forth an nonsubjective information of the existent state of affairs. Data Collection Source Data will be obtained through questionnaires given to instructors and pupils. Few instructors and caputs of section will be interviewed to obtain information which will non be covered in the questionnaire. The survey will trust chiefly on primary informations as the chief beginning for analysis. The cardinal point here is that the informations collected is alone and until published, no 1 can hold entree to it. This will be gathered fundamentally through the usage of self-administered questionnaires, interviews of instructors, caputs of section and pupils. A dairy will be kept to enter relevant information. Questionnaires A questionnaire may be defined as a group or sequence of inquiries designed to arouse information on a topic or a group of topics from an source ( Casley and Lury, 1987 ) . The inquiries will be a upper limit of 12 to enable instructors, caputs of section and pupils complete within a short period of clip. Close ended inquiries will chiefly be used because they are easy and quicker to reply. Interviews The entire figure of interviewees will be 10 being 2 caputs of sections and 8 instructors. They will be given the chance to discourse their positions on concerted acquisition, its effects on acquisition and the benefits. The interview will last for approximately 10 to 15 proceedingss. The undermentioned countries will organize the topic of the interview inquiries: The importance of concerted acquisition. Using concerted acquisition in schools The benefits of concerted acquisition The impact of concerted acquisition on pupils larning. One of the advantages of questioning as a signifier of informations aggregation is that it enables the interviewer to examine and inquire follow up inquiries based on the response ( s ) of the interviewee. Second, there is the possibility of the interviewer being able to do intending out of non-verbal communicating medium such as facial looks and gestures made by the interviewee in the class of the interview. It besides eliminates the impersonal component of the questionnaire attack and allows for good resonance and personal interaction between the interviewer and the respondent. The interviews conducted will be used to complement the informations collected from the questionnaires. Data Handling and analysis Datas collected through procedures such as questionnaires and interviews are described as natural ( informations ) and can merely be utile when it is transformed into the needed information for which they were gathered, collected, analysed and reported. This is so checked for the necessary accommodations for skips, discernability and consistence and subjected to computing machine aided analysis. This research adopted a combination of descriptive, analytical, comparative and per centums derived from quantitative analysis. Descriptive statistics and analytical methods will be used to show detect tendencies and facts, utilizing tabular arraies and per centums. The public presentation of students thought utilizing concerted acquisition as a instruction scheme will be assessed and illations drawn from them. LIMITATION OF STUDY The survey will be limited to my 2nd instruction pattern school with more accent on the instructors, caputs of section and pupils. Another restriction could be the chosen sample size, which might non be a just representation of the entire population of staff in that school. Again some staff might non be willing to portion information, while other staff might non be able to finish the questionnaire or acquire the clip to be interviewed because of the nature of their work. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS Teachers are faced with a figure of issues that concern guaranting that pupils achieve their outmost best in footings of accomplishment and higher-level logical thinking. Concerted acquisition is considered to be among the most of import instruction schemes because of its effectivity. The popularity and broad spread usage of concerted acquisition is its footing on a theory validated by a great trade of research. Decisions would be made based on the findings which will be analysed in consistence with the reviewed literature. Decisions would besides be drawn based on the findings and analysis made as to how feedback from the instructors and students questionnaires can be transformed into actionable day-to-day tool for set uping the best instruction schemes that will convey approximately effectual acquisition on the portion of the pupils. Thereafter recommendations would be made sing the restraints of this survey for policy shapers and for future research work in this country. It is expected that the survey when completed successfully will hold a great impact on the professional development of instructors in footings of their instruction schemes and its consequence on students larning. It is besides expected that the result of this survey will function to edify instructors in their professionalism in fiting their instruction schemes to the acquisition manners of students for the maximal benefit . By and large it is expected that the undermentioned decisions can be drawn with mention to the reviewed literature. Students from different cultural background construct their assurance and do steady advancement when they work in a squad through the aid they get from their equals. Cooperative acquisition methods are used as a scheme of come oning pupils ‘ accomplishment to a greater degree and to assist keep a consistent growing in a planetary universe. Teachers who are keen on working with pupils from different cultural background usage this scheme to back up them to stand out academically. Concerted acquisition technique raises pupils ‘ attainment to a high criterion so far as they are designed to reflect the civilization and linguistic communication of the pupils Concerted acquisition promotes mastery while inactive credence of information from an outside expert frequently promotes a sense of weakness and trust upon others to achieve constructs. In a typical schoolroom stressing instruction, there is small clip for contemplation and treatment of pupils ‘ mistakes or misconceptions. With the Cooperative acquisition pupils are continuously discoursing, debating and clear uping their apprehension of the constructs. Students spend more clip working on a undertaking in concerted acquisition than when working separately. Most surveies have found that concerted acquisition pupils spend more clip on undertaking than control pupils ( Slavin, 1995 ) . Spending tonss of clip on a undertaking increases pupils motive and gives them assurance in themselves. Good assurance additions self-esteem. There is a relationship between self-pride and motive. Students who have positive self-prides are easy motivated in category. Concerted acquisition enables pupils to believe and ground good. As a consequence of this, pupils are able to maintain any information learnt for a long clip than pupils who work on their ain ( Johnson and Johnson 1986 ) . Thus the shared learning experience gives pupils an chance to prosecute in treatment, take duty for their ain acquisition ( Totten et al. , 1991 ) and as a consequence, go critical minds. Cooperative acquisition has an added advantage of assisting pupil non merely to interact academically but besides socially whereby they are extremely motivated and encouraged to work together as a group. The concerted acquisition as a instruction scheme has been found to be successful and effectual with older pupils in every bit much as with younger. Through concerted larning a kid in his or her early phases of larning develops a good and unquestioning attitudes for their couples, instructors and every bit good as school attending with increased involvement in school which leads to tonss of academic successes. It besides provides the platform where pupils in the group get and portion thoughts by larning each other ‘s job resolution accomplishments through the usage of different linguistic communications.

Argue On Hostile Takeovers

Lisa Newton argues against hostile takeovers and has many rational reasons backing her point. Takeovers in the past overall have not proven effective nor have they been monetarily beneficial to either the company or the society involved. Corporations are ruined and people, even families, are hurt. In this paper, I will argue against hostile takeovers for these reasons from the standpoint of a utilitarian. Utilitarianism is the â€Å"moral doctrine that we should always act to produce the greatest possible balance of good over bad for everyone affected by our action.† (Shaw & Barry, 59) Actions are evaluated according to their consequences and look to maximize happiness. The view is long-term not just immediately. A hostile corporate takeover is not a positive thing through the eyes of a utilitarian for several reasons. To begin with, the idea of a possible takeover has degenerating effects on a company. â€Å"At the first level there is disruption and millions of dollars† worth of unproductive expense.† (Newton, 189) Effectiveness and productive activity at the upper levels of management comes to a stop and systematical planning disappears. Employees become apprehensive about the security of their jobs and end up spending a majority of their time speculating or searching for another job. It takes a toll on everyone involved in that they feel dishonored or belittled. Utilitarians would argue this is not a moral action since it harms the majority of the people. It is not the greatest good for the greatest number. It may immediately (short-term) benefit those who have done the takeover and those in higher up positions. However, in the long run it may not benefit even anyone. The early results of hostile takeover activity are combined with unnecessary and unwise business practices. The takeover has two destructive effects on corporate†s management. Equity is transformed into debt, leaving the company without protection. Being desperate, management may begin to look for short-term profits and impose by force aggressive actions not previously acted upon. This is deceiving to stockholders since they see high returns and stock prices even though the company does not have a good level of steadiness or security. It also harms the overall society since they usually depend on these large corporations for income and employment. Companies are willing to pay high takeover prices that they engage in severe cost-cutting at every level and at any cost. This sometimes even includes eliminating those who are important in maintaining operations, which is never a good move for the company as a whole. These people will probably have a problem finding other jobs since higher level positions are usually held by people who have been at the company for an extended length of time and are therefore older than others would want a new employee to be at a starting position. The basis of this issue revolves around money and does not consider those individuals involved. The corporate economy is at the mercy of the American dollar. People have become engrossed with making money that they sometimes forget they are dealing with other human beings. The takeover of a corporation may benefit those who are now in charge but not many others involved. Society winds up helping those newly unemployed and sometimes even the company itself. There are no laws to protect or help those who may one day be involved in a hostile takeover. These people have rights since they have contributed a lot of time, effort and even money towards the growth of the company. A corporation is nothing by itself; it is made up of the people with whom it employs. Human needs are not noticed by business practice and they hardly receive the justice deserved. Hostile takeovers are â€Å"harmful to corporate stakeholders, the economy, and the general public.† (Newton, 188) The law should restrict or even prohibit them, which is currently does not. There usually is no protection or justice for those involved. There are laws for anything and everything else to supposedly protect individuals, so why not this? Most often the result is not positive. Individuals are hurt and the corporation is usually killed in the end. More people must argue that the corporation is a moral individual just like others. The reality is that people frequently expect more from takeover defenses than they can deliver. It is rare that any defenses are backed by common sense and critical business strategy, which could help resist a pursuer and help control the terms of the deal. â€Å"As a matter of right, and as a matter of utility, the takeover game should be ended.† (Newton, 194)

Performing arts business management marketing in Asia Essay

Performing arts business management marketing in Asia - Essay Example In the light of these changes, it is interesting to explore how the performing arts manage to survive and continue to provide an offering that has meaning to the customers. The current paper studied the organizational, structural and marketing aspects of orchestra organizations in the United States and Taiwan. A comparative analysis on the case studies developed for six orchestras, the New York Philharmonic, The Chicago Orchestra, The Cleveland Orchestra, and the Philadelphia Orchestra in the US and National Symphony Orchestra and The National Taiwan Symphony Orchestra in Taiwan was undertaken. The findings revealed important difference in the ownership and marketing of the orchestras in the United States and in Taiwan. It was also found that the level of audience development in the United States was high as compared to that of Taiwan, where orchestra performances and other performing arts were not considered as an attractive option to popular music and sports. The paper provided use ful insights, like the need to provide more flexibility to the operational and functional aspects of orchestra, the need to involve people with musical and marketing backgrounds in the management and administrative functions instead of putting bureaucrats at the helm, and the need to focus on the market and customer preferences as opposed to forging ahead with a pre-pared program agenda. Performing arts include music, dance, theater and other forms of life arts that are staged in front of an audience.1 These arts provide not only entertainment to the audience, but at times act as settings for social interactions or as promoting cultural education.2 In some cases, it has been found that people relate their self-identity and self-esteem with the type of performing arts that they patronize.3 There is a wide range of experiences that the audience may drive from the Performing Arts. These may include, in addition to the creating a social experience for those who

Improving Family Planning Services in a Developing Country The Case Essay

Improving Family Planning Services in a Developing Country The Case Analysis of Nigeria - Essay Example The clinic has no counselling services, poor diagnostic services, no pharmacy and laboratory. Figure 1 below shows the major problems with the operation of the clinic. Figure 1: UNTH Family Planning Clinic and its Problems Clearly, there is a problem with the collection of data from patients for the hospital (See Appendix 1). The lack of a laboratory and pharmaceutical facilities makes it difficult to take care of patients (See Appendices 2 and 3). Most of the people in charge of sensitive positions are not appropriately skilled. This is demonstrated in Figure 2 below. Figure 2: Healthcare Failure Mode and Effects There are different pointers that provide important linkages for the reason why this system has failed and needs to be improved. These are discussed into detail in Appendices 1, 2 and 3. Action Justification University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital remains a leading institution in Nigeria. Aside training the next generation of Nigeria's medical professionals, the institution is a centre for intense research and studies. Since the Nigerian government has shown interest in cutting down on the population, there is the need for the family planning clinic to be upgraded to a level whereby it can be used as a point for mobilising and treating patients accurately. There is therefore the need to change the current position and improve systems to be devoid of the various issues and limitations in communication, facilities and services. Objectives The main end is to provide the following objectives which would mark the success of the project: 1. An improved system of communication that enables patient diagnosis to be of a high standard and also link up to the healthcare... This essay stresses that University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital remains a leading institution in Nigeria. Aside training the next generation of Nigeria's medical professionals, the institution is a centre for intense research and studies. Since the Nigerian government has shown interest in cutting down on the population, there is the need for the family planning clinic to be upgraded to a level whereby it can be used as a point for mobilising and treating patients accurately. This paper makes a conclusion that Option 2 scores the maximum points in all categories. It shows that the refurbishment of a new unit of UNTH as part of the wider organization is the best option for the creation of a family planning clinic with a structured counselling services, pharmacy and laboratory services. There are major cost savings as well as efficient systems of operations to meet targets. This makes it preferred ahead of the two other services. In spite of this choice, it is more important to promote and enhance the offering by conducting consultation sessions with the other stakeholders like the board of the UNTH to ascertain the final and most significant ways of attaining the objectives of this project. The following model identified in Appendices 3 and 4 can be used as the proposed service model and internal systems respectively. This would give an idea of how work could be done and completed and provide the blueprints as specified by Part A of this paper.

Prophet Muhammad and rise of Islam Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Prophet Muhammad and rise of Islam - Movie Review Example In this part, Gardner attempts to change the association of Islam with violence by portraying Prophet Mohammed both as a warrior and a man of faith. For example there are a number of scenes in this part where Prophet Mohammed is depicted as a forgiving conqueror who opposed any form of bloody revenge and violence. Islam Is also depicted as a religion based on knowledge. This is particularly achieved through a number of recounts of the famous Islamic centers of learning during the medieval times. The last part of the movie covers a number of important historical features beginning from the fall of Rome, The Ottomans, the European explorations and an account of the cruel Islamic Jihadist and Christian crusade wars that were considered excessively brutal even in the standards of the medieval periods. This part has also effectively depicted the history of the expansion of the ancient Ottoman Empire as well as the reign of some of its most powerful Sultans such as Sultan

Mood disorder part #2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Mood disorder part #2 - Essay Example An abused child may alternate between periods of irritability and periods of worthlessness and helplessness. What is interesting is that during these phases emotional upheaval those who come in contact with her may be unaware of her dilemma and accuse her of unsociability, violence and as having total disrespect for members of her society. Fundamental signals of depression in children may be a sudden change in academic performance as well as an apparent change in personality. A specific illustration of such a change would be that an energetic and intelligent child may suddenly become lethargic and appear to be disinterested in school work and other activities that formerly brought pleasure. Such a child may in fact begin to disrespect teachers and other classmates but this child would never dare to disrespect the abuser. Foul language, inappropriate behavior such as promiscuity, fighting and stealing may be the order of the day for such a child. It is usually at this juncture that a teacher may become concerned and request the assistance of guidance officers and social workers. Not only are emotional and behavioral signs present in the depressed child but also a mounting number of physical complaints. The child may begin to complain of headaches and stomachaches. This child may even experience difficulty in sleeping patterns. Further, there may be an abrupt increase or a decrease in appetite. Eventually one major incident between an authority figure and the child may lead to the child having and voicing desires of committing suicide. This desire to commit suicide may be expressed quietly to a trusted authority figure or shouted loudly as a threat to another individual in authority. On the other extreme this child may also voice the desire to fatally harm another individual. Clearly, the depressed child would manifest differently to adults who may still have the ability to hide their true feelings at times. The child suffering from depression due

Power electornic lab2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Power electornic lab2 - Essay Example Transformers generally consist of two windings; primary and secondary as shown in the diagram below. If the primary windings consist of more turns than the secondary windings, the transformer is a step down transformer as the one shown below. Transformers with greater amounts of secondary windings than primary windings are known as step up transformers. Step down transformers are more common in industries where they are connected from the power grid to the households Transformers are also divided into two; high frequency and low frequency transformers. The low frequency transformers work best at 50/60 Hz while the high frequency transformers work best at 100 kHz. Each set of the devices posse’s advantages over the other in some situations. The low frequency transformer has low eddy current lose, lower stray capacitances and comparatively low antenna losses. On the other hand, the high frequency transformer has a lower magnetizing current meaning that it needs less inductance so that fewer turns fiord a larger gauge of copper wire. This minimizes copper losses. Deciding the best transformer relies on the costs and efficiency. Overall, the high frequency transformer is efficient while the low frequency transformer is less costly. Table 1.1 illustrates the difference between ideal and practical transformer. From the outset, it is conclusive that the ideal transformer doesn’t account for the losses in the circuit while the practical transformer does. The experiment included a single design calculation to determine the resistor needed for the power resistor. In the calculation, it was found that the value of the power resistor must exceed 30â„ ¦. This meant that the best resistor for the experiment was the 33â„ ¦ power resistor. The first lab question was about the meaning of load regulation. From research it was determined that voltage regulation is

Should children or spouses withhold life support to loved ones when it Essay

Should children or spouses withhold life support to loved ones when it is evident that the loved one will never get better or en - Essay Example When family members find themselves in the throes of deciding whether or not to pull their loved one off of life support, instead of fully considering reason and the facts, they prefer to hold on to the hope that their loved one will get better over time. They tend to allow themselves to be controlled by questions of ‘what if’, feeling that it will always be too soon to make the decision with the hopes that maybe all their loved one needs is just a little more time. Nowadays, doctors and neurologists are able to determine the outcome of the patient in regard to quality of life, but family members often throw aside the facts and decide on just to wait and hope. There are others that also believe that it would be considered murder to pull their family members off of life support, a grueling concept that is argued on both sides. The line between ethical and unethical becomes very thin in a situation such as this. Nevertheless, there are some family members that would simply rather not see their loved one barely alive and unable to ever enjoy life. To them, there is no purpose to life when life cannot be properly enjoyed. This, perhaps, is the best way to look a situation of this nature. If a person is on life support without the hope of getting better or being able to enjoy their life, it would be more ethical to not allow them to continue to suffer, because suffering is all that they are doing. Family members are sometimes inclined to keep their loved ones on life support without considering how that person will actually benefit from it, if they can benefit from it at all. â€Å"Once a person reaches a state of vegetation, it takes a miracle for them to come out of it (Freeman, pg. 92)†. Many people require therapy, and even these patients do not go on to lead normal, productive lives. Parts of their brain are still unable to function to let them be aware of their surroundings. When it comes to contemplating whether or not to keep a person on life support, the case of Terri Schiavo is often considered. In 1990, Schiavo collapsed in her home from cardiac arrest, suffering massive brain damage; after a few months in the hospital, she was considered to be in a vegetative state, completely unaware of anything around her, even though she would occasionally respond to certain stimuli. She remained on life support for a few years, undergoing various therapies with the hope that she could be brought back to a state of awareness. Eight years later, when there was no sign or hope of improvement, her husband appealed to have her feeding tube removed, which would ultimately end her life. Schiavo’s estranged parents did not agree with this, and a battle ensued. The argument on the behalf of Schiavo’s parents was that Schiavo was still conscious, while her husband’s argument was that she was unaware of anything going on and she never would come out of this state. It was pointless to keep her alive because she woul d never be able to enjoy life. Indeed, no other option would exist for her except to be bedridden and attached to tubes to keep her alive. This was another

Explain the structure of enzymes and discuss their role in metabolic Assignment

Explain the structure of enzymes and discuss their role in metabolic reactions - Assignment Example Hence enzymes play a significant role in catalysis of these reactions without which the human bodies would work. The enzymes work by speeding up these vital reactions in the body (Starr & McMillan, 2008, p.59). Enzymes include three different categories – metabolic, digestive, and plant enzymes. The metabolic enzymes run the processes of the body, with damages and decays being repaired as well as diseases being healed. The digestive enzymes incorporate carbohydrates, proteins and fats that are required by the body. The enzymes from fresh plants enable digestion of food in the body, helping the digestive enzymes as well. Without enzymes, human beings would not be able to breathe, digest food or even move their muscles. The role of the enzymes cannot be performed by any other element present in the body, hence its importance in the body (Page, 1997, p.30). Enzyme and Its Role: Amylase: For this particular study, amylase has been selected, which is an enzyme available in the huma n body. The amylase enables the digestion of carbohydrates in the body. The pancreas and the glands that are generally responsible for the creation of saliva are also responsible for the production of amylases. With the inflammation of the pancreas, the amylases get released in the blood within the body (Amylase – blood, 2012). The amylases produced in the pancreas enable conversion of polysaccharides into disaccharide maltose. It is found in its active form. This is primarily because the secretory cells are not endangered when the amylases are in their active forms. Polysaccharides are not contained in these cells (Sherwood, 2008, p.614). The amylases may be of the salivary, the gastric, and the pancreatic. Salivary amylase is produced by salivary glands. Starch are the main targets of these enzymes that are broken down into maltose, that represent two glucose or sugar molecules that are in a bonded form. Gastric amylase targets those particles of starch that are remaining a nd enter the stomach. The pancreatic amylase proves to be essential allowing the digestion in the body (Wargolet, 2011). The figure beside represents the structure of salivary amylase as obtained in human bodies. There are 496 residues of amino acids present in amylase along with one calcium ion, one chloride ion and 170 molecules of water. The structure reflects a multidomain form that consists of three domains represented as A, B, and C. The A domain consists of a structure that is in a barrel shape. There is no specific topology for domain B, while domain C consists of a structure that is shaped as a Greek-key barrel. The pancreatic amylase is represented in the figure below that consists of different cleavage patterns. If their primary sequences are considered, they are highly homologous in form. Tests have revealed that there are 15 amino acid differences between the sequences available in the structure (My Favorite Protein: ?-amylase, n.d.). The structure of the amylases are q uite different from the structure of hemoglobin that is a protein consisting of polypeptide subunits, four in number, that are held by ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals forces. Also, there are heme pigments present in these subunits. The four subunits are two ?-globin chains and two ?-globin chains (Hemoglobin, n.d.). As far as the secondary structure of

What is the Ideal Job Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

What is the Ideal Job - Essay Example In some organizations, the employee is forced to work independently and is unable to build social connections with others in their environment. The high level of independent demands, such as meeting short deadlines, do not give the employee any free time to find out about their colleagues’ lives, desires, principles or values. An ideal job has the manager making efforts to build more teamwork and builds opportunities for group meetings so all employees can come to know one another. These efforts build better social belonging to help the employee gain colleague support, a very important emotional need to find the right amount of personal and professional happiness. The ideal job considers the importance of giving employees a sense of security. In many businesses, it is common to outsource to foreign countries as a means of saving costs. It is also common for businesses to try to merge job roles to reduce the number of workers currently on the payroll. Not all jobs are free of t he risk of job loss through layoffs and consolidation especially when staff members are having their jobs sent overseas to low-paying labor environments. An ideal job has the manager reinforcing that their job will not be lost to outsourcing or blending of job roles. Security should be provided by the manager in the form of bonus structures to improve motivation and this shows that the business will try hard to retain their employees. Providing security fulfills an emotional need in the employee and reduces anxiety or constant worry that they will suddenly be without a paycheck or forced to look for a different job. In ideal job works to build self-esteem and self-confidence in the employee. It is one where decision-making is shared through the entire organization and does not just come from high ranking officials.  

Evolutionary Psychology Essay Example for Free

Evolutionary Psychology Essay Just as in the past a brilliant scientist and researcher William Harvey was able to find the fact that it is the heart that is responsible for pumping blood through the human body, psychologists of today have been able to find out and to prove the fact that ‘cognition’ has a particular and specific structure. These psychologists are known as ‘evolutionary psychologists’, and it is this team of experts that have floated the theory that cognitive structure, like physiological structure, has followed, through the centuries, the all important process of natural selection. This was how it has been able to survive and engage in reproduction through the years. What exactly is evolutionary psychology? It is a science that focuses on discovering the evolved process of the nervous systems of human beings, bringing into focus the fact that the human brain is a completely organized structure, just like tissues in any living organism are fully organized. In other words, it is the opinion of evolutionary psychologists that the human brain is composed of several functional parts, made to facilitate the survival and the reproduction of that particular organism. Therefore, this can be taken to mean that the human brain is not an organ with one single function, but rather as an organism made up of a large number of fully functioning parts. In general, evolutionary psychologists refer to the functional components of organisms as ‘adaptations’, and this is the term applied to the functions of the human brain as well. (Hagen, Edward 2004) It is evident therefore that evolutionary psychology refers to a particular approach to psychology, which uses the accepted principles of evolutionary biology to research the design and the workings of the human mind. It can be described as an approach, or a way of thinking, which can be applied to any subject within it. (Cosmides, Leda, Tooby, John 1997) What are the primary activities of evolutionary psychologists? Charles Darwin had this to say, in the year 1859, â€Å"In the distant future, I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. † Darwin had foreseen the advances that would be made in the field of psychology in the future, and the science of evolutionary psychology was one of his predictions that came true. As mentioned earlier, evolutionary perspectives on human psychology are a part of the larger theory of general selection, and this field has led to greater scientific advancements in areas like sociobiology and ethnobotany, among others. Evolutionary psychologists have to find answers to questions such as how, why and when did human consciousness evolve, are there any differences between the psychology of men and women, and if so, what are they? Are there any differences between the psychologies of various races and ethnicities? Are there are adaptive explanations for human behaviors such as aggressiveness, self destructiveness and so on? Is it true that human consciousness is evolving today, as it has been steadily over the past hundreds and thousands of years? Is it true that human intelligence is inherited, and is it at all in any way influenced by one’s environment? Can the theories of evolutionary psychology accurately describe and explain the reasons behind the common phobias among human beings? One must remember however that several sociologists, anthropologists and psychologists are completely wary of using and understanding the new evolutionary perspective on human brains and behaviors, perhaps because in their opinion, evolutionary psychologists tended to adapt theories from the animal world and apply them to humans, and also, tended to generalize the principles of evolution in a much too dramatic fashion. (Evolutionary Psychology 2003) these are the basic of evolutionary psychology theory: Darwin’s ‘descent with modification’ theory, Hamilton’s ‘inclusive fitness’ theory, Maynard Smith’s ‘game theory’, and Trivers’ ‘optimization’ theory. Take for example the theory of ‘inclusive fitness’. This is also referred to as ‘kin selection’, and therefore forms an important element of evolutionary psychology. Kin selection explains away the fact of altruism and philanthropy, by stating that all genes are invariably ‘selfish’, and that an individual is in reality nothing but a gene’s ‘survival machine’. Nevertheless, since a gene would automatically be passed on to the next generation, if the person who is carrying that gene survives in order to reproduce, or even if any of the several other relatives of the surviving individual survive and reproduce, thereby passing on the gene to the next generation. According to Maynard Smith, this may be the reason why a lapwing will fake being injured in order to lure a predatory hawk away from its offspring, thereby acting in an altruistic manner towards its young. This type of altruism may also benefit non-relatives, because it is an acknowledged fact that the members of the same species will help take care of the youngsters of the species, even if they are not related in any way. The reason why this happens may be because of the fact that the evolved mechanism may not be sufficiently complex to make fine discriminations of this kind. This may be why some people like to take care of pets, while some do not. The people who do have pets are in fact allowing their caretaking mechanism to be exploited. Evolutionary psychology has also been applied into another important are: aggression of the human being. It is an accepted fact that sexual rivalry often leads to blatant aggression, and most violent deaths are caused by man killing another man, or man killing a woman in the name of sexual tension and rivalry. In such a case, violence may be taken to refer to be just one strategy in the plethora of male coercive tools, coercion being the direct result of sexual proprietorship and possessiveness. Men who allow themselves to be cuckolded would then be considered losers of the zero-sum evolutionary game that human beings play in their desire to make sure that their genes get into the next generation. Men use violence as a tool to stop and prevent their mates from sexually engaging with other men, because although maternity is always a given, paternity may not be proven. It is this same principle that works in the case of step-children and their adoptive fathers. These fathers have no interest in their step children, because they are not carrying their genes onto the next generation, and supporting another man’s child may mean that this man is working in opposition to his evolutionary interests. History can prove to man that in general, step fathers indulge in greater violence and aggression towards their step children than towards their biological children, the primary reason being that of ensuring that his genes are carried forward, and not another man’s. (Evolutionary Psychology 1998) According to evolutionary psychologists, there is a lack of fit between the current environment and the adaptation of the brain. In their opinion, if the brain is an adaptation, then there could be no doubt that at some time back in time, there existed some sort of selection for brain mechanisms, which in effect transformed information about environment and its conditions, into human behaviors that could adapt and change in accordance with the requirements of the situation and environment. Selection, however took place because of the manner in which they responded to the environment at the time in which they were selected. Therefore, this theory can be taken to imply that because environmental conditions are different today, the information that is input to the brain is different as well, and as a direct consequence, the brain may respond by generating behavior that may not be adaptive to the new conditions in which it finds itself. Failure to adapt may occur in two ways: either the brain could continue to produce the same older behavior under the newer conditions given, or the brain could produce new behavior that responded to the new information coming in, and the behavior could fail to be of the adaptive sort. This is in fact a rather common behavioral pattern, and when conditions change, the response becomes different from what the designers intended, like for example, as demonstrated by sophisticated computer programs, designed to perform a variety of complicated tasks, are also programmed to produce adaptive outputs as a direct response to certain key commands. At the same time, a new input could confuse the computer and prompt it into giving a completely nonsensical and non-adaptive output in response. In human beings, as evolutionary psychologists theorize, there is in place an evolved behavioral predisposition to make sure that reproductive success is always at its highest level, but this conflates the theory that the human brain was designed through a process of selection, as mentioned earlier. (Buller J David n. d)

Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Religion Essay

Importance Of Sanskrit In Hinduism Religion Essay Most people may question about the nature of religion itself. Often the answer will be that Religion is the belief in God, the soul and afterlife. Religion may be also described as a set of rules or the way which a member in that religion should act throughout his life. Besides a number of rituals and symbols which address the psychology of human beings, religion is a way of life. Hinduism and Judaism are mothers of all modern religions in the world. Further on from Judaism came Islam and Christianity. Hinduism, which is the worlds oldest organized religion, is the dominant religion in India. In fact, the origins of Hinduism can be traced back to at least 2500BCE. Hinduism consists of thousands of different religious groups that have evolved in India 1500 BCE. This religion managed to survive and even thrive in modern times. Hinduism is different from other religions, such as, Christianity. It has no Pope and it has no hierarchy. Unlike any other religion, Hinduism has no particular founder, for instance, the founder of Christianity is Jesus Christ. This religion is more viewed as the research of various men throughout the years, who were called Rishis, which were Christ like masters. Originally, before the Persians gave the name Hinduism to this religion it was called Sanatana Dharma meaning Righteousness. Besides its name, Hinduism has gone multiple changes and developments throughout the years. There are two attempts which explain how Hinduism started to develop in India. For a particular reason both of these theories draw on the famous verse Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti for their effectiveness. The first theory is the Indo-Aryan Migration Theory, which began started after the relationship between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin was discovered. This theory states that at the end of the Indus Valley Civilization (around 1700BCE) a number of Aryans immigrated into northern India from central Europe and Minor Asia. According to this theory the Aryans began to mix with the Indigenous Dravidian. Eventually the Aryans religious stream together with the Indigenous stream is what formed and started Hinduism. The second theory is the opposite of the first theory. It is the Out of India Theory, where it states that Hinduism began out of India. There are even passages in the Mahabharata and other Hindu texts which support this idea. According to this theory the Aryan culture was not developed by migrants or outside invaders, but it was introduced through the Indus valley civilization. This theory has two beliefs. First is that Hinduisms religious development was completely original and new. Its second belief is that the similarities between Sanskrit, Greek and Latin languages are the effect of the Aryan migration, out of India and into Europe. At this point Aryan tribes from India started bringing their culture, language and religion to spread throughout Europe. Eventually it is not very important whether the Aryans came from outside or inside of India. Hinduism should be seen as a religion which was born 3,000 years through the Aryan culture, according to the rule of Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti. The unifying force of this verse is what created the Hinduism of today. Hinduism has a lot of scriptures.   The scriptures consist of the history and culture of India. All Hindu scriptures are considered as revealed truths of God. In fact Hindu scriptures state that  all Hindu Scriptures were written by God. Vedas, meaning knowledge, are the first sacred books of Hinduism. There are four Vedas, which are supposed to teach men the highest aspects of truths which can lead them to God. Vedas and Upanishads are Shruti scriptures. According to Vedas Self Realization is one and the goal of human life. Vedas contains a detailed discussion on rituals and ceremonies which lead to attain self-realization. There are 4 Vedas, which are; Rig Veda, Yajur Veda, Sama Veda and Atharva Veda. The very first important book of Hindu, Rig Veda, states; Ekam Sat, Viprah Bahudha Vadanti, which means that there is only one truth even if men describe it differently. Hindu believes that There is One and only God and One Truth. This book is a collection of prayers and praises. All the four Vedas describe different knowledge. For instance rig Veda describes the knowledge of hymns, Yajur Veda describes the knowledge of Liturgy, and Sama Veda describes the Knowledge of Music, while Atharva Veda describes the Knowledge given by Sage Athrvana. Hindus believe in One and Only God, who is Brahman  which can be expressed in various forms. According to the Hindus God has no human or any other form. However they believe that there is still nothing wrong to believe in a God with a name and form. In fact in the Shruti scriptures of Hinduism, Brahman has been described both as  Saguna Brahman as well as Nirguna Brahman, God with attributes and God without attributes, respectively. In the Upanishads, God is described as  Neti. Despite this, Hindus still believe that there is only One God. Lord Krishna stated, Call me by whatever name you like; Worship me in any form you like; All that goes to One and Only Supreme Reality. Therefore when a Hindu worships any God form he is actually worshiping the One and Only God Brahman. Even in Christianity although we believe in one and only God, He expresses himself in three different forms, Father, Son and the Holy Spirit. Language and religion are inseparably related, like Hinduism and Sanskrit. From the very beginning, Vedic thought has been expressed through the Sanskrit language. Thus, Sanskrit forms the basis of Hindu civilization. Sanskrit literally meaning cultured or refined is one of the richest and most systematic languages in the world, which is older than Hebrew and Latin. The first words in English language came from Sanskrit. For instance, the word mother came from Sanskrit word  mata  and father came from Sanskrit word  pita. Forbes Magazine, (July, 1987) wrote: Sanskrit is the mother of all the European languages. The literature and philosophy expressed in this language have a beauty and profundity, which is unsurpassed. As language changes, so does religion. Although the bass of Hinduism was formed the vocabulary and syntax of Sanskrit, modern languages such as Hindi, Gujarati, Bengali, Telugu, Kannada and others, are now the primary carriers of Hindu thought within India. The shift from Sanskrit to these languages formed not only a change in the meaning of words but also a change in how religion was interpreted. However in the last century, Hinduism started to emerge in two various forms. One is from 1896, in Chicago where Swami Vivekananda, a Hindu religious teacher, traveled to England and other countries in Europe and created several followers. Swami was a trailblazer for most of Hindu teachers who came to the west and are still coming today. Hindu holy men have brought a new set of Hindu vocabulary and thought to the western culture. The second significant transplantation of Hinduism into the West has occurred through the increase of immigration oh Hindus who were born in India and moved to the West. These members are actively engaged in building Hindu temples and other institutuin in the West. As the popularity of Hinduism increases in the west, the emerging forms of this ancient tradition are being reflected through the medium of western language, mostly English. However the meaning of words is not easily moved from one language to another. It is said that the more distant two languages are separated by geography climate and latitude the more the meaning of words shift and eventually the more worldview shifts. There is not a lot of difference between Sanskrit and the Indian regional language when compared to the difference between a western language, for instance, Sanskrit and English. The problem of Christianization of Hinduism is the difficultly of bringing Hinduism to the West. It is a natural mistake which we make to approach Hinduism with Christian, Jewish or Islamic notions of God, soul, heaven, hell and sin in mind. We translate these notions, to notions in Christian thought, such as, Brahman as God, atman as soul, papa as sin and dharma as religion. However this is not correct, Brahman is not the same as God, atman is not the same as soul, papa is not sin and dharma is more than simply religion. When one is reading sacred writings of a particular religion, for instance, Upanishads or Bhagavad-Gita, one must read them on their own terms and not from the perspective of some other religion. Because Hinduism is being reflected through Christianity, Judaism and Islam, the theological uniqueness of Hinduism is becoming completely lost. Ideally anyone who is interested in Hinduism and would love to understand he must first have knowledge of the Sanskrit language. However even the first generations of Hindu immigrants did not know Sanskrit. The Hinduism of these immigrants is through the regional languages. In fact Hinduism is still related very closely to its Sanskrit roots through the regional languages. The problem is that these languages are still not being taught to the new generation, and eventually this will lead the regional languages of India will die after one or two generations. Thus, this means that the second generation will lose their regional ethnic roots and become more westernized. This problem of religious and cultural change can be resolved by identifying and creating a dictionary of religious Sanskrit words. This will eventually stop us to translate words as Brahman, dharma and papa, thus, these words will become part of the common spoken language when speaking of Hindu issues. However this is already happening with the words karma, yoga and dharma. They became part of common English speech, but not with their ultimate religious meaning. These words are terms taken from the sacred scriptures of Hindu, such as, the Bhagavad-Gita and the ten major Upanishads. Some of the translations of Hindu terms are: Brahman refers to the Supreme Principle. Everything which is created and absorbed is a production of Brahman. The word Brahman must not be confused with Brahma. Brahma God of creation. Dharma is also derived from Sanskrit meaning to hold up, to carry or to sustain. The word dharma refers to that which upholds or sustains the universe. Human society, for example, is sustained and upheld by the dharma performed by its members. In philosophy dharma refers to the defining quality of an object. For instance, coldness is a dharma of ice. In this case we can think that the existence of an object is sustained or defined by its essential attributes, dharmas. Yoga also derived from the Sanskrit means to join, to unite or to attach. We can think of yoga as the joining of the à ¥tma with the paramà ¥tma, the soul with God. There are numerous means of joining with God: through action, karma-yoga; through knowledge, jà ±Ãƒ ¥na-yoga; through devotion, bhakti-yoga; through meditation, dhyà ¥na-yoga, etc. Yoga has many other meaning. For example, in astronomy and astrology it refers to a conjunction (union) of planets. Pà ¥pa is what brings one down. Sometimes translated as sin or evil.

Batch Reactor As A Plant Engineering Essay

Batch Reactor As A Plant Engineering Essay What is a plant unit. All Equipment that make up a plant can be divided into 3 different categories or levels, the highest being the Plant as a whole, then the plant units and the lowest are the plant items. While the actual plant performs an overall production, the Plant unit refers to the main components of a Plant which perform a major production function of the Plant and without which the Plant can not continue its operations. A Plant unit is made up of items but it can be replaced as a whole (Anthony Kellyà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) In this Plant, the Batch Reactor receives raw materials from the raw material storage, processes them for a certain amount of time then transfers them to the centrifuge feed vessel. From the above diagram, it is obvious that the Batch Reactor is a major component of the plant and from its function it is seen that the reactor must process the raw material for progress to be made to the next stage of production. I am therefore concluding this as my explanation as to why the Batch reactor is a plant unit. Explain Your Reasons For Concluding That This Unit Is Critical For Production. Several Factors determine how critical a piece of equipment is to production. They include: Will the Equipment affect safety in the plant? Will the Equipment not working cause downtime in the plant? How easily can the Equipment be maintained? What is the cost of this maintenance? What is the current situation of the Equipment? (Paul Wheelhouse) Now each of the factors can be used to examine the Batch Reactor and after which an educated decision can be made. The Batch Reactor affects the safety in the plant because its function involves the heating of chemicals under pressure and its failure might cause the leakage of these chemicals or at the worst lead to an explosion in the Plant. If the Batch Reactor was to stop working, there would be prolonged downtime until it is fixed; this is due to the fact that the Reactor performs a major function in the Plant without which further production would come to a halt. The Batch Reactor is made up of a number of different items, some of which can be run-to-failure, but for the most an established schedule of maintenance must be made for. Without such a schedule, maintenance would be most difficult to carry out. The cost of maintaining the Batch Reactor may vary but if is not properly attended to; one fault might lead to another even bigger one so the cost of maintaining might increase. The items in the Batch Reactor have a life plan which is currently not being kept to; this means the Equipment requires monitoring to avoid random failure or prolonged breakdown and downtime. On the account of the above facts, it is my belief that the Batch Reactor needs to be labelled as critical. Extract Any User Requirements For This Designated Unit From The Plant Description. Are There Any Production Windows? What are User requirements? This simply refers to the specifications that are inbuilt in a piece of equipment so that it might be able to fulfil the end users needs according to those tasks which it is used to perform. In line with the plant description given on this particular Batch Reactor, a number of user requirements can be ascertained and these are listed below: To receive 18te of raw materials from the raw material storage. To remain sealed and heat its contents through a preset temperature / time profile by use of a temperature control system consisting of a thermocouple in a temperature pocket, a temperature controller and a control valve. That the control valve regulates the supply of low pressure steam. That its temperature alarm signal when the temperature exceeds 1250C. That all safety relief valves work in event of an increase of temperature past the safety limit of 1250C. That the bottom run off valve opens when the operation is complete and releases the contents from the Batch reactor to the centrifuge feed vessel by the discharge pump. That the operation lasts 10 hours only. What is a production window? This is a period during production in which maintenance procedures can be carried out without causing a halt in production. With emphasis on the Batch reactor it can be seen that there is a production window and this can be explained below. While the batch reactor makes 18te of product every 10 hours, the centrifuge processes this product at a rate of 1.5te an hour i.e. it would have completely used up the 18te of product in 12 hours. Since it takes 10 hours for the batch reactor to work, this would give a 2 hour production window in which it can be properly maintained. Also depending on the capacity of the centrifuge storage vessel, it is possible for the batch reactor to work overtime filling this feed vessel up and then be switched off and maintained while the centrifuge is operated using the previously stored produce in the centrifuge feed vessel. Extract Any Corporate Requirements for This Unit From The Plant Description. What are corporate requirements? These are the requirements which the upper management or Business sector of the company running plant desire from its industrial operations in order to make a suitable return on its investments (ROI). From the plant description the following corporate requirements can be made below: That its keeps to its scheduled annual shutdown period of 16 hours during week 40 each year. That all maintenance pertaining to the batch reactor abides by the permit to work system which controls all maintenance activities. That the batch reactor achieves a 25 year life and that the gearboxes achieve a 15 year life as well. That the batch reactor remains well-painted, clean and tidy at all times. Extract Any Legislative Requirements for This Unit From The Plant Description. What are legislative requirements? These are Plant requirements made by the Law, rules or regulations or the Country in which the Plant operates. They must be implemented in order for the plant to avoid sanctions or being shut down. In this particular plant description they include: That the Batch Reactor abides by the rules by the FDA and British pharmaceutical Society put in place for their license holders. All production and maintenance activities involving the Batch reactor comply with the Good Manufacturing practise (GMP). That the processes involving the Batch Reactor are as okayed by the quality standard ISO 9002. That the batch reactor conforms to the environmental standard ISO14000. That if used by the Pharmaceutical inspection team, the batch reactor must pass any risk-based inspections based on a DNV methodology that might be carried out. Comment On If Some of The tasks Designed For Shutdown Could be Done During Production Windows Or When The Plant Is Online. Could Any Of These Tasks Be Designated For Completion During Production Windows Be Completed Online? We have previous explained what production windows are and when a Plant is online refers to when the plant is carrying its usual operational procedures. From the work done previously in section 1.3, we now know that there is a definite 2 hour production window during which the batch reactor can be maintained while the centrifuge is working. In looking at the life plan for the batch reactor unit, there are a certain amount of tasks that could be done in 2 hours and should be moved from shut down to production window, these are: The replacement of the trim of the CV1 every 2 years. The pressure testing and inspection of the SV1 every 6 years. The visual check of the Agitator every 6 years. The SV2 pressure testing and inspection every 6 years. There is only one task put to be completed when there is a production window and it can be done while the Plant is online. This is the weekly visual check on the Agitator coupling, because if it is checked while online it might lead to the location of which wouldnt have being seen if the equipment was offline. Analyse The Recorded Jobs From The Computer Maintenance Management System (CMMS) For This Unit. Is There Any Evidence Which Confirms That The Life Plan Is Being Carried out? Is There Any Evidence To Say If The Life Plan Is Effective Or Not? What is a Life plan? All plant units or manufacturing stages in production are designed to have a certain life. To fulfil this, maintenance plans are put in place to achieve this expected equipment life and if possible, to exceed it. These maintenance plans are called Life plans. (Wheelhouse, 2008) On comparing the life plan of the batch reactor to the computer maintenance management system (CMMS) it can be seen that the life plan isnt being carried out. This is due to the factor that there is a remarkable difference between the standard time taken to maintain every single unit item in the reactor and the actual time the job was done in hours, meaning the maintenance done cannot be adequately planned for and could lead to excessive downtime. It can be seen that for this singular reason the life plan of the batch reactor is not capable of being effective. Use The Figures, Plant Description And The Data From The CMMS To Analyse The Unit Into Its Maintenance Causing Items. Using the figure 1 shown previously and the figure 2 shown directly above as well as the Life plan and the CMMS, the maintenance causing items can be broken down as done bel Batch Chemical Reactor CV1 Agitator Coupling Temperature controller Gearbox Motor bearing Oil seal Agitator Trim Agitator gear box Reactor Vessel Temperature sensor Pump Motor Pump bearing SV1 SV2 P1 V1 Vessel Jacket Figure 3: The Maintenance Causing Items in a Batch Chemical Reactor Develop your own life plan for these maintenance causing items using the task selection logic for Reliability Centred Maintenance. RCM WORK SHEET SYSTEM: CHEMICAL PLANT SUB-SYSTEM: BATCH CHEMICAL REACTOR SUB- SYSTEM FUNCTION FUNTIONAL FAILURE FAILURE MODE FAILURE EFFECT CRITICALITY RESPONSE TIME FREQUENCY CV1 Regulates supply of low Pressure steam Unable to supply Steam at all. Supplies Inadequate steam Faulty Trim Absence or insufficient Supply of steam High Replace trim 3 hrs 2 yearly (Production window) Agitator Motor Gearbox Transmit motion to the Agitator Fails to transmit motion To the Agitator. Broken seal Shortage of lubrication Damaged bearings Worn gear teeth Oil leakage Damage to gearbox Medium Monitor vibrations and check oil seal and condition. 2 hrs (vibration monitoring), 12 mins oil inspection Monthly Vibrations, Daily oil seal checks (Online) Agitator Coupling Connects Agitator motor gearbox to Agitator for motion transmission Doesnt transmit motion From gearbox to agitator. Transmits inadequate Motion. Slackness in fitting Doesnt give agitator The necessary Transmitted motion. Medium Tighten coupling as required. 6 mins Daily (online) Temperature Controller Controls the temperature making sure it doesnt exceed 1250 C Unable to read the correct temperature. Faulty temperature sensor . Increase or reduction of reactor temperature on wrong information. High Recalibrate temperature sensor. 2 hrs 2 year (Production window) SV1 Releases the pressure steam in the vessel during times of alert. Unable to release excess pressure steam Blockage at valve outlet. Crack in valve Pressure steam is not released properly or in time. High Inspect, pressure test and recondition if necessary. 3 hrs 6 yearly (Shutdown) SV2 Releases excess steam in the jacket in times of alert Unable to release excess steam Blockage at valve outlet. Crack in valve Pressure steam is not released properly or in time. High Inspect, pressure test and recondition if necessary 3 hrs Yearly (Production window) Agitator Shakes, stirs mixes the raw materials in the reactor. Unable to stir or mix Raw materials. Damaged blades Eroded surface Raw materials are not mixed properly. Medium Recoat or replace as necessary. 3 hrs Re-coat or replace as necessary.(Shutdown) Jacket Maintain its integrity and contain raw materials during processing. Leakage of materials during processing. Damaged or eroded Parts. Contents leak out causing contamination. High Pressure test and repair as necessary. 5 hrs Yearly (Shutdown) V1 Releases processed material to P1 pump Processed materials not released Leakage of material during release Blockage at valve outlet Crack in valve Contents not released properly. Contents leak out causing contamination. High Leak test and repair if necessary. 15 mins Daily test (Online) P1 Transfer processed materials from reactor to centrifuge feed vessel Leaks material Unable to pump materials at all. Pumps materials at Wrong rate. Replace seal if necessary. Replace pump if necessary. Contents leak. Contents not pumped properly High Condition monitoring Replace seal if necessary Replace pump if necessary. 1.5 hrs (Condition Monitoring) 4 mins (Leak test) Monthly condition Monitoring (Online), Daily leak checks (online) Figure 1.4: Life Plan using RCM logic. Compare and contrast between your Life plan with the one described previously, comment on any similarities and differences. There are a number of ways in which my Life plan differs from the one previously given but there are also ways in which both are similar. Some of them are as listed below: To begin, the first detail that can be noticed when comparing both life plans is that since I used the RCM selection logic, my life plan carries much more details as I included the functions, functional failures, failure modes, failure effect and criticality of each subsystem or item. This will be particularly useful in settling up priorities as the criticality of each subsystem is set at low, medium or high depending on the considerations of safety, performance and impact of the subsystem or item on the rest of the plant. I brainstormed and added more failure modes and their activities than had being previously discovered or had activities planned for in the previous life plan so as to further prepare maintenance personnel to be able to tackle these failures if and when they do occur. I changed the time frame for certain activities to take into consideration the new 2 hour production window that was discovered earlier. This will help reduce the amount tasks that are done during a shutdown and therefore cut down the downtime which the plant undergoes. I increased the amount of time to be used to accomplish most tasks due to the fact that in the previous life plan, insufficient time was allocated to these tasks so therefore they couldnt be planned or executed properly within the targets set for them. Now in terms of similarities, I observed that the preventive maintenance and condition monitoring carried out on the Batch Reactor had ensured breakdowns were kept to a minimum so bearing this in mind, I retained all the activities from the old life plan and continued using them for the various items. I also continued to carry out maintenance activities at the same frequency that was mapped out in the old life plan as I believe that the punctuality with which activities were carried out improved the reliability of the equipment. CHAPTER 2 Describe The Philosophy of Total Productive Maintenance. What is TPM? Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) refers to a management system for optimizing the productivity of manufacturing equipment through systematic equipment maintenance involving employees at all levels.   Under TPM, everyone is involved in keeping the equipment in good working order to minimize production losses from equipment repairs, assists, set-ups, and the like. (http://www.siliconfareast.com/tpm.htm). The goal of TPM is to increase production while at the same time boosting employee morale and job satisfaction. (Venkatesh. J) This is possible because there would be less downtime as TPM is carried out by the Operators on the items or machinery which they use as they, the maintainers and Designers work as a team towards the total elimination of equipment defects in the Plant (Paul Wheelhouse). History of TPM TPM is a Japanese idea that can be traced back to 1951 when preventive maintenance was introduced into Japan from the USA. Nippondenso, part of Toyota, was the first company in Japan to introduce plant wide preventive maintenance in 1960. In preventive maintenance operators produced goods using machines and the maintenance group was dedicated to the work of maintaining those machines. However with the high level of automation of Nippondenso, maintenance became a problem as so many more maintenance personnel were now required. So the management decided that the routine maintenance of equipment would now be carried out by the operators themselves. This is known as Autonomous maintenance, one of the features of TPM. The maintenance group then focussed only on maintenance works for upgrades. For pioneering TPM, Nippondenso became the 1st company to receive TPM certification (wikipedia). Why Use TPM? For TPM to be used in an Organisation, everyone from senior management to the operators on the floor must be carried along and made to understand why this particular system is being used. For this to happen effectively, the Motives, Objectives and benefits must be fully stated out and properly absorbed. The table below gives a generic illustration: Motives of TPM Adoption of life cycle approach for improving the overall performance of production equipment. Improving productivity by highly motivated workers which is achieved by job enlargement. The use of voluntary small group activities for identifying the cause of failure, possible plant and equipment modifications. Uniqueness of TPM The major difference between TPM and other concepts is that the operators are also made to involve in the maintenance process. The concept of I (Production operators) Operate, You (Maintenance department) fix is not followed. TPM Objectives Achieve Zero Defects, Zero Breakdown and Zero accidents in all functional areas of the organization. Involve people in all levels of organization. Form different teams to reduce defects and Self Maintenance. Direct benefits of TPM Increase productivity and OPE (Overall Plant Efficiency ) by 1.5 or 2 times. Rectify customer complaints. Reduce the manufacturing cost by 30%. Satisfy the customers needs by 100 % (Delivering the right quantity at the right time, in the required quality.) Reduce accidents. Follow pollution control measures. Indirect benefits of TPM Higher confidence level among the employees. Keep the work place clean, neat and attractive. Favourable change in the attitude of the operators. Achieve goals by working as team. Horizontal deployment of a new concept in all areas of the organization. Share knowledge and experience. The workers get a feeling of owning the machine. Figure 4 .TPM table Source: An Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance (Venkatesh. J) For TPM to start properly, the OEE (Overall Equipment Effectiveness) should be calculated and a loss analysis performed to give both a baseline for continuous upgrading and ascertain the improvement priorities. This will allow the operator/core maintenance team to prioritize and then tackle the 6 classic losses of: Breakdowns Set-ups and changeovers Running at reduced speeds Minor stops and idling Quality defects, scrap, yield and rework Starting up losses The above losses add to the direct costs. Implementation of TPM attacks these and other direct (visible) costs as well as indirect (hidden) costs and follows each step in the production and supply chain from Management to the human resources to the Machine to the process, then to suppliers and finally to the customers (Willmott and McCarthy). Components of TPM Figure 4: Pillars of TPM Source: An Introduction to Total Productive Maintenance (Venkatesh. J) As shown above, TPM is made up of 8 main aspects which when combined present the full TPM package. They are: The 5 S which are primarily the foundation of TPM and involve organising the workplace. These are sorting, systematising, sweeping, standardising and self-discipline. Autonomous maintenance which refers to the operators handling most or in cases all of the maintenance concerning the machines which they operate. Kobetsu Kaizen means small improvements or changes for the better of the organisation. Planned maintenance entails scheduled maintenance which is done to ensure trouble free machines and equipments producing defect free products for total customer satisfaction. Quality maintenance is aimed at providing customer satisfaction by providing the highest quality through defect free manufacturing. Training to give employees a multi skilled edge. Office TPM to ensure administrative efficiency as well. Safety, health and environmental awareness to ensure zero accidents, zero health damages and zero fires (Venkatesh. J). Describe a Case Study Where TPM has been successfully applied The case study which I wish to use is that of RHP Bearings. This RHP Bearings branch which is in Blackburn, manufactures cast iron bearing housings for a variety of uses from agricultural machinery to fairground rides, and is one of seven RHP manufacturing sites in Europe owned by Japanese group NSK, the worlds second largest bearings manufacturer. How TPM was carried out. NSK acquired RHP in 1990, when the Blackburn site was under the imminent threat of closure because of high costs and the subsequent lack of competitiveness. Employing a staff of 93, TPM was then introduced to the site in 1993 but it didnt see much success till 1996 due to the fact that the earlier efforts to drive TPM had been largely theoretical and the workforce faded to see its relevance to the everyday running of the plant. In 1996 a maintenance company was brought in to do a scoping study of the plant, conduct a workshop and support two pilot TPM projects. The Plant Manager and the TPM facilitator then began to implement measures to ensure TPM was made directly relevant to the jobs of the staff. Operators were sent off to climb over their machines and log problems through a detailed condition appraisal, to establish a foundation for future TPM improvements. TPM was piloted on two key machines, the PGM core making machine in the foundry and the Shiftnal sphering machine in the machine shop, using a detailed seven-step TPM implementation programme: Collection and calculation of Overall Equipment Effectiveness (OEE) Data Assessing the six losses Criticality assessment and condition appraisal Risk assessment Refurbishment plan Asset care and best practice routines Regular review for problem solving TPM is applied to machines of all ages from new to 30 years old, ensuring that older machinery is brought up to modern specification and newer machinery is kept in as-new condition. The TPM was applied at the site by 9 different equipment teams focusing on specific machinery and involving 60% of the workforce. These teams included operators, maintainers, quality technicians and group leaders also drawing on help from personnel with specialist skills when necessary. Each Team developed a standard routine for their respective machines using: Autonomous Maintenance System (AMS) boards which show a schematic of the machine then tags with labels to show losses affecting availability, performance and quality. These labels are then used to generate TPM agendas for team meetings. TPM step notices which illustrate the machines progress in TPM seven step programme. Mainpac database which is used to gather machine performance details and calculate the OEE. Key performance indicators which the teams use to accesses their improvement and progress in areas of waste sand, Gas emissions, Kaizen, Customer returns, lost time incidents, injurious accidents, Audit and product conformance. Each team then has an activity board covering subjects such as milestone activities and previous days conformance result among others. To ensure TPM succeeded, Teams had to dedicate substantial time to carrying out laid down activities and held meetings as needed. Benefits of TPM Implementing TPM had both direct and indirect effect on the production system a combination of which generated major savings at RHP, Blackburn. Major Site-wide benefits were scored in the following areas: à ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬400,000 running costs saved Unit cost reduced by 21% Scrap reduced by 8% Attracting increased capital investment currently at 15% of turnover and Customer returns reduced by 11% Increased customer satisfaction Improved safety record Environmental and quality awards Improvement in staff morale The two key machines (The Shiftnal sphering and the PGM core making machine) also had major total cost saving OEE improvements as well as other time saving and cost reduction achievements making the TPM well worth it (Willmott and McCarthy). Reliability Centred Maintenance (RCM) As Applied in a Section of a Plant What is RCM? RCM is a method for developing and selecting maintenance alternatives based on safety, operational and economical criteria. RCM employs a system perspective in its analyses of system functions, failures of functions and prevention of these functions (Jones, R.B). So RCM requires in-depth of the machinery, detailing all logic problems and their maintenance solutions and as such can be quite time consuming, for this reason it is usually used only on the critical equipment. The use of RCM methodology requires that 7 questions be answered: What are the functions of the Asset? What are the functional failures? What causes the functional failures? What happens when the failure occurs? How much does each failure matter? Can we predict or prevent failure and should we be doing so? How should we manage the failure if prediction or prevention is not an option?(Paul Wheelhouse) Now in order to answer the above questions, a System analysis process is used to begin RCM on any section of the plant. This System process will implement several steps, all of which define and characterize RCM and will methodically delineate the information required for the maintenance: Step 1. System selection and Information collection: Taking decisions as to what level of the plant at which to do the RCM and also choosing this system or section based on criticality i.e. based on function and impact on plant and environment. Step 2. System Boundary Definition: This involves creating an accurate list of what is or is not part of the section so an accurate list of components can identified and to establish what comes in and what leaves the System(IN and OUT interfaces). This is necessary to ensure the accuracy of the Systems analysis process. Step 3. System description and functional Block diagram: This is used to identify and document the essential details of a system that are needed to perform the remaining steps in a thorough and technical fashion. The five separate items are developed in this step: System Description Functional Block Diagram IN/OUT interfaces System Component list Equipment history Step 4. System Functions and Functional failures: involves classifying each OUT interface of the system into its functions and identifying the failures which might hinder these functions. Step 5. Failure Mode and Effect analysis (FMEA): involves analyzing each component failure to discover which have the potential to disruption their function and then detailing what exactly these effects could be. This is done using functional failure-equipment matrix. Step 6. Logic (Decision) Tree Analysis (LTA): the failure modes which pass through effects analysis will now go through this process. The purpose of this step is to further prioritize the emphasis and resources that should be devoted to each failure mode on the basis that all Authority (TVA). TVA is a power production plant wholly owed by the US government and equipment, functions and failures are not the same. The LTA identifies the failure modes in 3 aspects: Safety Downtime Economics (Finance) Step 7. Task selection: In this step, applicable maintenance tasks which are most effective to combat the detailed failure modes are listed, at the same time decisions on whether to run-to-failure or design out

Plagiarism - An Ever-increasing Problem Essay -- Exploratory Essays

Plagiarism - An Ever-increasing Problem Plagiarism has been a problem to academic institutions for centuries. Plagiarism basically means taking credit for somebody else’s work. The technical definition of plagiarism, as used by State University, is presenting work done (in whole or in part) by someone else as if it were one's own. Dishonest practices that go hand in hand with plagiarism include faking or falsification of data, cheating, or the uttering of false statements by a student in order to obtain unjustified concessions. In the past, plagiarism had been limited by the availability of information that is worth plagiarizing, either in area libraries, in newspapers and magazines, or even in academic files maintained by campus organizations (fraternities). Now, with the wealth of information available on the Internet only a â€Å"click† away, plagiarism has become an ever-increasing problem. When you think about it, getting enough information to do a paper is as easy as â€Å"click†, copy, p aste, print, and then you are done. Not all cases of plagiarism are as harsh as copying and submitting an entire document, but in reality, plagiarism is plagiarism. It is so easy to just forget about giving credit where credit is due that sometimes the work is handed in and the credit is given to the student. By doing this, the crime of plagiarism has been executed and the punishments could be severe. Punishments or repercussions could range from getting a zero on the paper to as severe as getting kicked out of university. Not to mention the possibility of criminal charges. Throughout this â€Å"age of the internet,† that we live in, plagiarism has the possibility to affect everyone. There are websites that are dedicated explicitly ... ... employers for five years after the incident. If ethics are not a good enough reason for a person to refrain from plagiarizing, the combination of ethics and possible punishment should be. Besides providing ways to plagiarize and telling of the possible repercussions of plagiarism, the Internet also provides us with some ways to detect plagiarism. Sites like Plagiarism.org and Turnitin.com have dedicated themselves to detecting and stopping online plagiarism. They hope to complete an online database that will contain thousands of documents that can be cross-referenced to determine if the report has been plagiarized. They hope that this will prevent papers from Internet sites ever being used to obtain a course requirement. With enough cooperation from enough institutions (colleges, universities, high schools) these hopes may become a reality in the future. Plagiarism - An Ever-increasing Problem Essay -- Exploratory Essays Plagiarism - An Ever-increasing Problem Plagiarism has been a problem to academic institutions for centuries. Plagiarism basically means taking credit for somebody else’s work. The technical definition of plagiarism, as used by State University, is presenting work done (in whole or in part) by someone else as if it were one's own. Dishonest practices that go hand in hand with plagiarism include faking or falsification of data, cheating, or the uttering of false statements by a student in order to obtain unjustified concessions. In the past, plagiarism had been limited by the availability of information that is worth plagiarizing, either in area libraries, in newspapers and magazines, or even in academic files maintained by campus organizations (fraternities). Now, with the wealth of information available on the Internet only a â€Å"click† away, plagiarism has become an ever-increasing problem. When you think about it, getting enough information to do a paper is as easy as â€Å"click†, copy, p aste, print, and then you are done. Not all cases of plagiarism are as harsh as copying and submitting an entire document, but in reality, plagiarism is plagiarism. It is so easy to just forget about giving credit where credit is due that sometimes the work is handed in and the credit is given to the student. By doing this, the crime of plagiarism has been executed and the punishments could be severe. Punishments or repercussions could range from getting a zero on the paper to as severe as getting kicked out of university. Not to mention the possibility of criminal charges. Throughout this â€Å"age of the internet,† that we live in, plagiarism has the possibility to affect everyone. There are websites that are dedicated explicitly ... ... employers for five years after the incident. If ethics are not a good enough reason for a person to refrain from plagiarizing, the combination of ethics and possible punishment should be. Besides providing ways to plagiarize and telling of the possible repercussions of plagiarism, the Internet also provides us with some ways to detect plagiarism. Sites like Plagiarism.org and Turnitin.com have dedicated themselves to detecting and stopping online plagiarism. They hope to complete an online database that will contain thousands of documents that can be cross-referenced to determine if the report has been plagiarized. They hope that this will prevent papers from Internet sites ever being used to obtain a course requirement. With enough cooperation from enough institutions (colleges, universities, high schools) these hopes may become a reality in the future.

Journal Analyzing the Byronic Hero and Lord Byron’s Writing Styles Ess

A Journal Analyzing the Byronic Hero, Those who Closely Resemble the Hero, Byron’s Writing Styles and Literary Criticism (Journal entry 1, Defining the Byronic Hero) The Byronic Hero is a term derived from the poetic narrative, Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, by Lord Byron. Though the idea of the Byronic Hero originated with the creation of Byron’s characters, Byron himself possessed the physical features associated with the Byronic Hero. These features include dark brooding eyes, dark hair, pale skin and a slender frame. The Byronic hero derived from Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage, strays away from the typical â€Å"hero† role by possessing dual characteristics of good as well as evil, â€Å"And had been glorious in another day: but one sad losel soils a name for aye†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (Byron,C.H.181). The Byronic Hero is usually defined by his voluntary isolation from the normal institutions of society, â€Å"Self-exiled Harold wanders forth again, with nought of hope left, but with less of gloom†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Byron,C.H.211). He also represses his passions creating an unrequited obsession when, â€Å"He bids t o sober joy that here sojourns: nought interrupts the riot, though in lieu of true devotion monkish incense burns†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"had buried long his hopes, no more to rise: pleasure’s pall’d victim! Life-abhorring gloom.†(Byron,C.H. 193) In these remarks, the Hero prefers to bask in sorrow for a love lost or never attained than to pursue the object of his desire. The Byronic Hero prides himself on his intellectual ability because his intelligence eclipses that of the average man. â€Å"But soon he knew himself the most unfit of men to herd with man; with whom he held little in common; untaught to submit his thoughts to others, though his soul was quell’d in his you... ...the confines of society. The Superhero further evades societal restrictions by masking himself and keeping his identity a mystery. This mystery distinguishes the Hero from others and places him into the Byronic realm where the dark figure retreats to solitude. Unlike the Byronic Hero described in Byron’s poetry the new Superhero has a dual conscience that allows him to reside outside of societal foundations while working to uphold the society’s values. Works Cited Lauter, Paul, ed. The Heath Anthology of American Literature. Boston: New York 2002. Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Interpretations. New Have: New York 1987. Leone, Bruno, ed.Readings on Edgar Allan Poe. San Diego: CA 1998. Page, Frederick, ed. Byron Poetical Works. Oxford: New York 1970. Bloom, Harold, ed. Modern Critical Views George Gordon, Lord Byron. New Haven: New York 1986.

Safe Personal Computing to National Security :: Computers Technology Internet Essays

Safe Personal Computing to National Security Am I Safe at my computer? I’ve posed that question and others to myself many times. Are the e-mail’s I send almost daily truly secure? Are my confidential e-mails from the Ohio University’s server truly confidential? Who else can see what I see? Sure in a perfect world we all would like to believe we‘re safe but the simple fact is that we are not safe all the time and the world is not perfect. People â€Å"hack†, as it is referred to, into almost anything or anywhere. I’d like to think that most people would have the ethics not to violate my personal security, but that’s just it they don’t. This since increasingly our â€Å"e-criminal† of today has the technical skills of an adult and the ethics of a small child (Shuchman). Most astonishing of all is that this is occurring because they are small children, or teens. I choose this topic because computers, e-mail, and the World Wide Web are increasingly becoming the dominate necessity of m y daily life. I am at a computer a least three times a day for lengthy periods of time. I send out personal account information, my social security number and other important secure information across the web and not mention all the information I store my computers hard drive. So I ask once again am I safe? Hacked at Home and Nation Wide You use to only here about the â€Å"serious† e-crimes. You know the ones that try to take down the CIA or the stock exchange. Now the hackers and security risks are hitting home. In the form virus that can do anything from crippling your PC to sending in worms that eat up your files. The attacks aren’t just personal wither. In the spring of 2001 there were attacks on hundreds of personal computers connected to the web via the new broad band connections. Two attacks involving nearly 500 Windows-powered PCs with broadband connections were used to shut down a security consultant's Web site in Southern California (Thorsburg). Hundreds of home computers were seemingly recruited into some sort of malicious cyber army. This or these hackers used computer like yours and mine to work for them turn them against a larger network.